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Environmental Impact of Solvent Scrubbing of CO₂

1 October 2006
Capture

Environmental impacts due to the capture of CO₂ at power plants occur directly and indirectly. Direct impacts results from the avoidance of CO₂ emission to air and can also occur due to changed emissions of NO2 and SOx as a consequence of CO₂ capture and the emissions of solvent and its degradation products. Indirectly, an increase of environmental impact is caused by the decreased thermal efficiency, which leads to a higher fuel use, the production and transport of solvents and additives and the disposal of solvent and degradation products. The scope of the present study covers both the direct and indirect environmental impact of CO₂ capture but transport and storage of CO₂ are excluded.

Technical Report

Reduction of CO₂ emission by means of CO₂ storage in coal seams in the Silesian coal basin of Poland (RECOPOL)

1 September 2006
Storage

The main aim of the project was to demonstrate the feasibility of CO₂ injection in coal under the conditions encountered in Europe , and that storage of CO₂ in this fashion is a safe and viable option for the long term.The RECOPOL project aimed to couple the geological storage of CO₂ with enhanced production of coal bed methane (ECBM). The Silesian Basin area of Poland was chosen as the demonstration site due to the favourable physical properties of the coal seams, and because the site has actively produced coal bed methane (CBM) in the past, providing historical data with which to compare experimental results.

Technical Report

2nd Well Bore Integrity Workshop Princeton, NJ, 28-29 March 2006

1 September 2006
Event Proceedings
Storage

There were a number of reports that indicated that well integrity may be a current issue within the oil and gas industry. A detailed study on production wells in the Gulf of Mexico indicated that up to 60% of wells had casing pressure problems, which could indicate that the integrity of the wells had been compromised. Experience from the Permian basin in the USA indicated that when fields were changed over to CO₂ flood that significant remedial work was needed to pull and re cement wells that had not seen exposure to CO₂. It was considered that many of the problems in both the Gulf of Mexico and the Permian basin resulted from poor well completions at the outset. This may be due to cases where the casings were not cleaned properly prior to CO₂ injection and the presence of residual mud in the wells led to poor seals between the cement and the formation and the cement and the casing liner (steel). Similar issues could arise due to too rapid curing of the cement, or poor cement squeezing. Where poor seals occur ingress of saline water from overlying aquifers can results in chlorine induced corrosion of the steel casing liner. The API has recognised this as a major problem and in response it is developing a new set of standards for well completions. A further set of standards for wells in CO₂ floods us also being developed but this is at an early stage.

Technical Report

International Oxy-Combustion Network for CO₂ Capture: Report on Inaugural Workshop

1 July 2006
Capture
Event Proceedings

The aim of this Network for Oxy-Fuel Combustion is to provide an international forum for organisations with interest in the development of Oxy-Fuel Combustion Technology.Due to the broadness of this topic, it was decided to focus the theme of the first workshop on the “Oxy-Fuel Combustion for Coal Fired Power Plant”. Nevertheless, the future workshop will also attend to the development in Oxy-Fuel Combustion for Gas Fired Power Plants and other novel oxy-combustion processes.

Technical Report

2nd Meeting of the Monitoring Network

1 June 2006
Event Proceedings
Storage

The 2nd meeting of the monitoring network met in at Rome in September 2005. The meeting had two main aims which were: first to begin to engage regulatory bodies from around the worldwide on their thoughts on monitoring needs and second, to provide an update on monitoring technique development since the last meeting.

Technical Report

International Network for CO₂ Capture: Report on 9th Workshop

1 June 2006
Capture
Event Proceedings

Carbon dioxide capture and storage is now established in OECD countries’ energy policies and R&D programmes as a potential contributor to climate mitigation strategies. Post combustion capture allied to improved efficiency power plant looks likely to be a major element for new plant as markets develop – particularly so in developing countries where there is a clear preference for using the best established technologies for power generation. Retrofit to established plant is also technically feasible although less economically attractive for ageing, less efficient assets. Since the previous workshop a number of generators in Europe and Canada have expressed interest in the possibilities of demonstrating the technology at full scale and a major pilot plant operation under the EU CASTOR programme has commenced at a power station near Esbjerg in Denmark. About a quarter of the workshop participants used the opportunity to visit this new facility on the day previous to the workshop – thanks from all participants to Elsam for hosting this visit.

Technical Report

CO₂ Capture as a Factor in Power Station Investment Decisions

1 May 2006
Capture

There is increasing interest in capture and storage of CO₂ from fossil fuel fired power stations, to mitigate climate change. The IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEA GHG) has recently carried out studies to assess the performance and costs of various types of power station incorporating CO₂ capture. IEA GHG has commissioned Mott MacDonald to pull together the results from these studies on a consistent basis and review features of the technologies which may be important for plant investors. The opinions of a range of potential investors were surveyed and the results of the survey were combined with the technology evaluations using a multi-criteria analysis, to show how far each technology matches the surveyed investor preferences.

Technical Report

Estimating the Future Trends in the Cost of CO₂ Capture Technologies

1 February 2006
Capture
Costs of CCUS

The IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEA GHG) has carried out studies to assess the performance and costs of various plants with CO₂ capture and storage (CCS). These assessments have mostly been based on current technology and component cost data. This approach has the advantage of avoiding subjective judgements of what may or may not happen in the future. The disadvantage is that it does not take into account the potential for future improvements which could affect the long-term competitiveness of a technology.Reductions in the costs of technologies resulting from learning-by-doing and other factors have been systematically observed over many decades. Major factors contributing to cost reductions include, but are not limited to, improvements in technology design, materials, product standardisation, system integration or optimisation, economies of scale and reductions in input prices. This study analyses cost reductions that have been achieved for a range of process technologies and uses that information to predict possible future trends in the costs of power plants with CO₂ capture.

Technical Report

Updating the IEA GHG Global CO₂ Emissions Database: Developments since 2002

1 February 2006
Industry Insights

IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme’s (IEA GHG) global CO₂ emissions database was first published in July 2002 [1]. Consisting of some 14000 entries, the database was an attempt at producing a global snapshot of large stationary CO₂ emissions sources, stating their location and the size of their emissions. The database was a first step, in a series of subsequent regionally focussed studies that would match these large stationary emission sources of CO₂ with possible storage sites. Two regional studies have been completed by IEA GHG for Europe [2] and North America [3] and a third for the Indian subcontinent is now being planned.It was acknowledged during the compilation of the database that there could be some errors in the dataset brought in with the source material. So, alongside the regional studies, IEA GHG has, since 2002, had a parallel programme to progressively improve the emissions data by updating the information contained in the database and improving its accessibility to a wider audience. This paper identifies the problems with the original database, lists the steps undertaken and the reasons behind the improvements.

Technical Report

Safe Storage of CO₂

1 January 2006
Storage

The aim of this study is to review the regulatory processes and operational practises within the natural gas storage industry and assess their applicability to CO₂ storage. The objective of the study will be to develop a report that can act as a reference manual for IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEA GHG) members in their discussions with policy makers and environmental pressure groups to demonstrate that geological can be a safe and environmentally friendly mitigation option.

Technical Report

Permitting Issues for CO₂ Capture and Geological Storage

1 December 2005
Capture
Storage

The capture and storage of CO₂ in geological formations is a promising technology for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Such projects will involve very large investments in plant, pipelines, wells and reservoir development. As with most large undertakings it will be essential to obtain permits for a whole range of activities which have to be carried out in order to implement such projects. Obtaining permits has been a major constraint on the rapid deployment of many new technologies and can cause considerable delay and effort even when implementing proven systems. To ensure that CO₂ capture and storage can be deployed successfully in the required timescales any issues that may arise during permitting of CO₂ capture and storage projects need to be identified as early as possible and permitting procedures developed and agreed. This study was commissioned to provide an overview of permitting issues in CCS projects and provide some guidance to operators and regulators who are concerned with the technology.

Technical Report

Development of PPAP - Power Plant Assessment Program

1 December 2005
Capture

The IEA Greenhouse gas R&D programme has conducted many studies on CO₂ capture from large power stations. Such studies are normally conducted by an experienced contractor and typically cost upwards of £40,000. In order to perform such studies leading to a capital costs estimate within +-30% it is necessary to have a reasonably detailed description of the process and all of the main equipment which is required. In addition the contractor needs to have a reliable database of cost information on the equipment. From time to time novel schemes are put forward but detailed evaluation is inhibited by the high cost of a full study. Furthermore factors other than cost may be important in determining how interesting a novel system is and it may be difficult to predict the cost of exotic equipment. IEAGHG thus developed a simple assessment program in order to be able to carry out a first screening of novel process without incurring large costs. This report summarises the work which has been done on the development of this computer program and the experience with using it on a number of novel schemes.

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