Publications Library

IEAGHG workshop on comparative technoeconomic assessment of commercially available CO2 conditioning technologies

• 29 July 2024
• Event Proceedings
• Transport

The workshop aimed to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and insights among a panel of international experts on CO2 conditioning, with the goal of informing the scope of a technical specification for a comprehensive IEAGHG report.

Components of CCS Infrastructure – Interim CO2 Holding Options

• 27 November 2023
• Storage
• Transport

This work, undertaken on behalf of IEAGHG by TNO and SINTEF, provides an overview of temporary / interim CO2 storage, or ‘holding’, options (also called buffers) and investigates the role of buffer storage and its potential to create flexible and robust carbon capture and storage (CCS) chains. The report looks at current and emerging buffer technologies, conducts simulations to demonstrate the temporary storage required for given flow-rate scenarios and discusses the impact of buffer capacity on transport costs. In the report, the storage requested in the chain for normal operation is presented as " temporary storage" and storage to give buffer capacity is presented as " buffer storage". This report has focussed on buffering at the emitter site. The results of this study will benefit CO2 storage site project developers, operators, financiers and regulators.

The Status and Challenges of CO2 Shipping Infrastructures

• 1 July 2020
• Transport

Large-scale CO2 storage will entail substantial transportation of CO2 from either point-sources or hub collection points to geological formations capable of storing thousands of tonnes of CO2 in supercritical form. In many parts of the world the most suitable storage options for large-scale capacity will be in offshore formations such as the North Sea. Consequently, it is important to build an understanding of the most suitable techno-economic solutions for the trans-shipment of CO2 from shore facilities to offshore storage locations. This study has explored a series of options to gain a more detailed comparison of shipping CO2 either directly by sea tanker to a storage site, or via an intermediate stage, to a shore facility in closer proximity to a storage site prior to transfer via pipeline. These options have also been compared to direct transfer via pipeline.

Re-Use of Oil & Gas Facilities for CO2 Transport and Storage

• 22 June 2018
• Storage
• Transport

Our recent study ‘Case Studies of CO2 Storage in Depleted Oil and Gas Fields’ (2017-01) concluded that CO2 storage in depleted fields would not only be viable with potentially lower risk but could also be relatively cost effective, providing important intermediate-scale storage resources. The report highlighted that re-using an O&G fields would be beneficial as “there would likely be cost savings over saline aquifer sites, particularly in the characterisation stages (where there is the advantage of production history and proved hydrocarbon retention to reduce uncertainty in containment and capacity)”.

Ethane and CO2 shipping

• 1 March 2017
• Transport

The study is a first stage assessment of a novel concept of transporting ethane from the USA in dedicated maritime carriers to Europe, which are modified from standard designs to be equipped to carry both ethane and CO₂, so that CO₂ can be transported back (back hauled) to the USA for use in CO2-EOR operations.

Operational Flexibility of CO2 Transport and Storage

• 1 March 2016
• Storage
• Transport

This study has reviewed different transport and storage scenarios to reflect the range of full-scale commercial operations. In addition to a wide ranging literature review a survey of industrial, utility, pipeline and CO₂-EOR operators was also conducted to obtain their insights of CO₂ transport and storage. Owing to the sensitivity of these commercial operations it has not been possible to attribute background information to either individuals or their companies. Anonymity has not prevented the inclusion of real world data on exhaust gas composition from different sources including power generation (coal and natural gas), oil refining, gas processing, cement, hydrogen production, and ethanol production. It also includes background information on actual CO₂ pipeline operation, including network hubs, and CO₂ CO₂-EOR experience in the United States. Experience from different industrial scale injection projects such as Sleipner, Snøhvit and In Salah, has been included. The study has investigated how flexible operation affects CO₂ storage and the measures adopted to accommodate intermittent supply. There are a series of prioritized recommendations based on the gaps in knowledge.

Impurities in the CO2 Stream: Effecton the Storage Complex and Well Materials

• 16 January 2015
• Transport

Evaluation and analysis of the performance of dehydration units for CO2 capture

• 1 April 2014
• Capture
• Transport

The purpose of the study is to examine the characteristics of the various dehydration processes and the way they can be best integrated into the CCS system. Moisture in CO₂ can lead to corrosion and hydrate formation. It is necessary to dehydrate CO₂ streams prior to transporting the product in carbon steel pipelines. Several different types of CO₂ capture processes exist. The type selected for use is dependent upon the basic type of combustion process in operation, e.g. coal or natural gas. The CO₂ produced by the various combustion and associated capture processes is of different quality, containing different inerts and impurities, with varying compositions and conditions. The dehydration process can be significantly affected by these differences; it was therefore necessary to consider the different types of capture process separately within this study.

CO2 Pipeline Infrastructure

• 1 December 2013
• Transport

The deliverables for this study consist of a reference manual, database, interactive web tool and webinar. The reference manual highlights key design, construction, operational and regulatory learnings. A database, containing more than 100 data elements, complements the reference manual

Development of a Global CO2 Pipeline Infrastructure

• 1 August 2010
• Transport

Projections of the scale on which CCS needs to be deployed to meet targets for CO2 emissions reductions indicate that a massive CO2 pipeline infrastructure will be required. To date CCS systems have tended to be based on dedicated pipelines connecting source to sink although some studies of regional CO2 pipeline infrastructure requirements have been carried out. The purpose of this study is to examine the wider issues including design, financing, economics and regional differences.

Clean steel an environmental and technoeconomic outlook of a disruptive technology

• 1 March 2024
• Capture
• Costs of CCUS

This study primarily presents a comparative analysis of steelmaking pathways to cost-effectively decarbonise a steel mill, taking a life-cycle perspective on associated environmental impacts. The roll-out of clean steel technologies is envisioned to have a significant implication for support infrastructure. Therefore, a secondary objective of the study is to gain insights into the primary energy and infrastructure implications associated with large-scale deployment of different steel decarbonisation pathways. Clean steel production will likely be more expensive than steel produced today; this poses additional economic strains on steel producers and consumers. Consequently, a third objective is to estimate the price premium that clean steel could command in existing and future markets. Further, this study formulates recommendations for key stakeholders to support the sector and outlines recommendations for further work.

Cost Network Proceedings

• 1 November 2023
• Costs of CCUS
• Event Proceedings

The 7th edition of the IEAGHG CCS Cost Network Workshop was hosted at the University of Groningen, Netherlands, on 12-13 April 2023. The purpose of the workshop was to share and discuss the most current information on the costs of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in various applications, as well as the outlook for future CCS costs and deployment. For the first time, this workshop also included a session on the direct capture of CO2 from the atmosphere. The workshop also sought to identify other key issues or topics related to CCS costs that merit further discussion and study.

Techno-Economic Assessment of Electrochemical CO2 Conversion Technologies

• 17 October 2023
• Costs of CCUS
• Utilisation

This study aims to assess the costs and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions performance of selected electrochemical CO2 conversion pathways. It applies a learning curve method to project costs up to 2050.

Quantifying the Socio-Economic Value of CCS: A Review

• 3 August 2022
• Costs of CCUS
• Public Perception

As policymakers consider options at their disposal to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement, understanding the socio-economic impacts on local communities and industrial regions is crucial. Integrated assessment models (IAMs) often lack the economic, social and geographic detail to fully reveal the role that CCS and CDR technologies, such as BECCS, can play in national economies – noting that deployment of both CCS and BECCS has long continued to lag expectations. Providing a multi-regional, technology agnostic and transparent quantification of the social value of these technologies may be essential to unlocking this impasse.

Blue Hydrogen: Beyond the Plant Gate

• 1 August 2022
• Capture
• Costs of CCUS

The primary objective of this study is to review the comparative analysis of blue hydrogen production (that is hydrogen derived from fossil fuels and associated CCS) technologies from oil and oil-based feedstocks as well as the supply chain implication. Further, this study includes techno-economic and life cycle assessments of different technology production configurations in regions that have access to oil resources and potential for the deployment of CCS infrastructure at scale.

Low-Carbon Hydrogen from Natural Gas: Global Roadmap

• 1 August 2022
• Capture
• Costs of CCUS

The primary objective of this study is to conduct a techno-economic and environmental assessment of the production of natural gas-based hydrogen with accompanying carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. Further, the purpose of this study is to enrich knowledge and compare the deployment of steam methane reforming (SMR), electrified SMR (E-SMR), autothermal reforming (ATR), and partial oxidation (POX) with CCS in the Netherlands. The findings of this study will be of interest to policy makers, industrial emitters, as well as technology developers.

Techno-economic Performance, Opportunities, and Challenges

• 1 December 2021
• Capture
• Costs of CCUS

The aim of this study is to provide a transparent framework to evaluate the potential (in terms of sequestered and displaced carbon), and economics (in terms of cost of carbon avoided and removed) of a non-exhaustive selection of NETs pathways. Ecosystem and socio-economic impacts associated with their deployment is also quantified. The study sets out to help the carbon capture and storage (CCS) community in trying to gain a better understanding of the costs and value of NETs. It also helps the modelling community in being able to better model the role of NETs; and policy/decision makers in having more information on costs, value and scalability of NETs.

IEAGHG workshop on comparative technoeconomic assessment of commercially available CO2 conditioning technologies

• 29 July 2024
• Event Proceedings
• Transport

The workshop aimed to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and insights among a panel of international experts on CO2 conditioning, with the goal of informing the scope of a technical specification for a comprehensive IEAGHG report.

7th Post-Combustion Capture Conference Summary

• 1 April 2024
• Capture
• Event Proceedings

The 7th edition of the Post Combustion Capture Conference (PCCC-7) was held on the 25?28 September 2023 and was jointly hosted by the IEAGHG, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) and sponsored by Worley, Shell, and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. (MHI).

Monitoring Network Meeting Report

• 1 December 2023
• Event Proceedings
• Storage

The IEAGHG Monitoring Network aims to assess new technologies and techniques in the monitoring of CO2 storage, determine the limitations, accuracy and applicability of monitoring techniques, disseminate information from research and pilot storage projects around the world, develop extensive monitoring guidelines for the different sub-categories of geological storage; oil and gas fields, unmineable coal seams, and saline aquifers covering the differing conditions and reservoir properties encountered globally as well as to engage with relevant regulatory bodies.

6th International Workshop on Offshore Geologic CO2 Storage

• 1 December 2023
• Event Proceedings
• Storage

The 6th International Workshop on Offshore Geologic CO2 Storage was held in Aberdeen on 13-14 September. Organised with the University of Texas and hosted by the University of Aberdeen. The loca on was very appropriate as we were co-hosted and sponsored by Storegga who leads the Acorn project nearby in Scotland. This project had been recently announced by the UK government as a Track 2 Cluster project. This 6th workshop had 190 delegates (60 in-person and 130 virtual) from 35 countries, with a good mix of industry, researchers and regulators.

Cost Network Proceedings

• 1 November 2023
• Costs of CCUS
• Event Proceedings

The 7th edition of the IEAGHG CCS Cost Network Workshop was hosted at the University of Groningen, Netherlands, on 12-13 April 2023. The purpose of the workshop was to share and discuss the most current information on the costs of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in various applications, as well as the outlook for future CCS costs and deployment. For the first time, this workshop also included a session on the direct capture of CO2 from the atmosphere. The workshop also sought to identify other key issues or topics related to CCS costs that merit further discussion and study.

Risk Management Network Meeting Report

• 29 September 2023
• Event Proceedings
• Storage

The Risk Management Network meeting was held as an in-person event with a particular focus on the risk of wells (particularly legacy wells) in a CCS project, looking at the topic from basin scale through to detailed characterisation of well materials and monitoring. Attended by over 75 delegates from 15 countries, the two day meeting was held at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh, UK. It was kicked off by a welcome reception in the Lyell Centre (home to both BGS and the Institute for GeoEnergy Engineering) and was followed by a field excursion to explore the geological history of Arthur’s Seat in Edinburgh and a tour of a very new distillery located in an old train station within stone’s throw of Holyrood Park.

9th HTSLCN Meeting Report

• 21 September 2023
• Capture
• Event Proceedings

The 9th High Temperature Solid Looping Cycles Network (HTSLCN) Meeting took place from 14th to 15th March 2023 at Palazzo Farnese in Piacenza, Italy, hosted by the CLEANKER consortium. 82 attendees enjoyed a two-day programme with a total of 28 presentations, the official closure of the CLEANKER project with a visit to the pilot plant, a relaxing dinner and a guided tour in the museum of Palazzo Farnese about the millennial history of the city of Piacenza and its territory, from the preRoman age to the XX century.

5th International Workshop on Offshore Geologic CO2 Storage

• 17 October 2022
• Event Proceedings
• Storage

This 5th Workshop on Offshore Geologic CO2 Storage covered multiple subjects, including: summary of multiple CCS projects worldwide, subsurface considerations for depleted hydrocarbon fields, containment/ pressure management, and saline formations to store CO₂, as well as considerations on regulating offshore CCS, monitoring offshore CCS projects, CO2 shipping and infrastructure for CO2. Importantly, this is the first hybrid in-person and virtual workshop, which represents a milestone to bring this knowledge sharing to multiple people interested on CCS worldwide

Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) Workshop, Bergen, Norway, 28th June 2022

• 5 August 2022
• Capture
• Event Proceedings

The aim of the workshop was to provide members and other stakeholders with an update on the status of CDR, identify crucial knowledge gaps and the mechanisms to resolve them, and find possible cooperation/collaboration opportunities.

IEAGHG Risk Management Network – Webinar & Virtual Discussion: The Road to CCS Project Permitting

• 31 March 2022
• Event Proceedings
• Storage

On Tuesday 18th January 2022, the IEAGHG Risk Management Network held a webinar which aimed to be a roundtable presentation of CCS / CCUS (carbon capture and storage / carbon capture, utilisation and storage) project operator experience, with risk management, during the permitting process. This webinar heard from panellists on the Northern Lights project, the Porthos project, California experiences with permitting and Oxy's recent project experiences. The webinar attracted an audience of 138 in addition to 8 panellists and 2 IEAGHG staff.

Insurance Coverage for CO2 Storage Projects

• 16 August 2024
• Industry Insights
• Storage

This report is a focused review of recent developments regarding insurance coverage for carbon dioxide (CO2) geological storage projects. It seeks to address the following: what companies are offering or planning to offer insurance to CO2 storage projects, what is the scope and duration of the coverage offered, and does coverage extend to the transportation of CO2 to the project site? This work and report was prepared by Franz Hiebert.

The Role of Indices in Assessing the Maturity of CCUS Technologies and their Readiness for Deployment

• 1 February 2024
• Industry Insights

This study was undertaken on behalf of IEAGHG by Foresight Transitions Ltd. While a technology may be technically mature, it has become increasingly clear that the technology may not necessarily be considered commercially ‘bankable’ by investors. In this study, the potential for an index or indices to provide that confidence was explored. The findings from the study will be of interest to the broader energy community but, in particular, should benefit technology developers, CCUS end users, investors and policymakers.

Methologies and Technologies for Mitigation

• 1 December 2023
• Industry Insights

The driver behind this study is to develop a report built on the on the previous IEAGHG report on methods of leakage mitigation (2007/11). The proposed study should focus on current mitigation and remediation methods that may be applied or considered in site specific conditions in the event of unpredicted CO2 migration. Each geological storage site will have an adaptive site specific monitoring plan, based on a risk assessment. Detection of a significant irregularity may involve supplementing the monitoring program, in order to detect a possible leak and if necessary engaging mitigation measures.

A bibliometric analysis of GHGT abstract submissions

• 14 June 2023
• Industry Insights

This technical review provides an insight into how the focus of research in the field of Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) has evolved across a decade, from 2012–2022. It is designed to help understand where the most research has been conducted, and to see where CCUS research is going.

Review of Constructability and Operational Challenges faced by CCUS projects

• 9 September 2020
• Industry Insights

IEAGHG has commissioned several technical studies linked to large CCS projects1. Although constructability and operational challenges have been identified in previous IEAGHG reports, some aspects were unique due to the locations where the large CCS projects were implemented. These included the status of the initial facilities and other techno-economic and financial aspects of the specific CCUS projects. IEAGHG identified the need to provide a guide on constructability and operation for new CCS users. The objective of this study is to collect information from CCS projects to support the decisions during the transition from the planning to the execution phase. This study analysed a complete list of large CCUS projects from which relevant experience could be extracted. The projects were divided into three categories: operating projects; under construction or at advanced development; and cancelled projects. Based on the analysed projects, this study has delivered an assessment of potential key areas for success, and a decision tool guide for future projects

CCS in Energy and Climate Scenarios

• 1 July 2019
• Industry Insights

The purpose of IAMs is to quantify the interactions and trade-offs between societal demands for energy, economic and environmental services, using a systems approach. These systems are typically the energy system, the economy, the earth-land system, the water system and atmospheric climate system, although every IAM does not necessarily include all these systems and have varying

Sustainability in Petrochemicals

• 1 February 2019
• Capture
• Industry Insights

This report investigates a unique combination of these industry drivers on the historic, current and future status of the petrochemical industry to gain insight into the sustainability of petrochemicals. Three categories of petrochemicals are subject to analysis, namely methanol, olefins and ammonia/urea. For each of these petrochemicals, the following series of studies are formed and analysed in aggregate to gain insight in to the sustainability prospects of the industry:<!– wp:acf/columns {"name":"acf/columns","data":{"padding_top":"1","_padding_top":"field_columns_fields_padding_top","padding_bottom":"1","_padding_bottom":"field_columns_fields_padding_bottom","margin_top":"0","_margin_top":"field_columns_fields_margin_top","margin_bottom":"0","_margin_bottom":"field_columns_fields_margin_bottom"},"mode":"preview"} –> <!– wp:acf/column-content {"name":"acf/column-content","mode":"preview"} –> <!– wp:list –><ul><!– wp:list-item –><!– wp:list-item –><li>An assessment of the historic and current status of market trade, including trends in end-uses, feedstocks, demand, production and international trade. Demand projections for each chemical are made based on collected data.</li><!– /wp:list-item –><!– /wp:list-item –> <!– wp:list-item –><!– wp:list-item –><li>Process engineering characterisation of the current and low carbon alternative routes and feedstocks to produce the key petrochemical productions.</li><!– /wp:list-item –><!– /wp:list-item –> <!– wp:list-item –><!– wp:list-item –><li>Environmental life cycle assessment of the various feedstocks and production methods for each petrochemical and a contribution analysis of the key environmental impacts.</li><!– /wp:list-item –><!– /wp:list-item –> <!– wp:list-item –><!– wp:list-item –><li>Market projection of petrochemical production and technology mixes for a key region China, for the time period 2010 – 2050.</li><!– /wp:list-item –><!– /wp:list-item –> <!– wp:list-item –><!– wp:list-item –><li>A series of expert stakeholder interviews on views of how the petrochemical industry may progress in terms of demand, costs, environmental impacts and policy drivers.</li><!– /wp:list-item –><!– /wp:list-item –></ul><!– /wp:list –> <!– /wp:acf/column-content –> <!– /wp:acf/columns –>

The CCS Project at Air Products’ Port Arthur Hydrogen Production Facility

• 1 December 2018
• Industry Insights

In April 2013, the first commercial-scale, steam methane reformer hydrogen production facility incorporating vacuum-swing adsorption carbon capture gas separation technology began full-scale operation at Air Products’ facilities located on the site of the Valero Port Arthur Refinery in Texas, USA. This report summarizes the experience of Air Products and its partners that will provide valuable insights to other petroleum refining and petrochemical industrial facilities that wish to reduce their lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions through CCUS.

Enabling CCS Clusters

• 1 February 2018
• Industry Insights

It is widely considered that deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) for clusters of energy intensive industries (EIIs) will become vital for meeting long-term greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets, and is a cost effective way for doing so, according to organisations such as the International Energy Agency (IEA) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). In addition, it will be important to develop the related finance mechanism quickly to prevent carbon leakage, i.e. businesses transferring operations to places with less stringent GHG emission standards. Recent evidence highlights there might be different needs and challenges in deployment of industrial clusters, compared to those involving power generation. IEAGHG’s Technical Report 2015/03 “Carbon capture and storage cluster projects: review and future opportunities” reviews 12 CCS cluster projects and finds that the most successful clusters are currently based on CO2-EOR in North America. This is to be expected as EOR provides a commercial benefit to investors in such activities.Further requirements for ICCS clusters include: generating confidence for per-investment in CCS infrastructure, new methods to attract international investment and systematic development of CCS cluster business plans. However, more information is necessary regarding the transferability of conclusions for CCS clusters based on power generation incentives, such as a UK Contract for Difference (CfD), to those involving multiple industry sectors, and especially EIIs.This study examines the economic and commercial arrangements needed to enable the global deployment of industrial CCS clusters. Over a period of eight months, with significant input from stakeholders from industry, government and the investment community, the project has identified the key enablers to unlock private investment in ICCS and developed four business models, which are expected to work in various regions around the world including North America, Europe, Australia and China.

Gas Supply Chain Emissions

• 1 October 2017
• Industry Insights

This technical review has been undertaken with the aim of providing a summary of the current status of research into greenhouse gas emissions in the natural gas supply chain. Although 90% or more of the CO₂ produced at gas fired power plants can be captured, emissions from the supply chain may reduce the near-zero-emission image of gas as an energy source. Emissions are predominantly from two sources: <ol> <!– wp:list-item –><!– wp:list-item –><li>Methane emissions during production and also fugitive emissions during transport.</li><!– /wp:list-item –><!– /wp:list-item –> <!– wp:list-item –><!– wp:list-item –><li>CO₂ emissions from gas production installations, gas purification plants, pipeline compressors, LNG liquefaction plants, ships and receiving terminals.</li><!– /wp:list-item –><!– /wp:list-item –> </ol>