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CO2 Flow Metering Technologies

Technical Report

4 September 2025

Policy & Regulation

Transport

Yessica Alexandra, Arellano Prieto, Francesco Finotti, Ailo Aasen, Ingeborg True Røe, Gianluca Tabella, Magnus Kyrkjebø Vinnes, Anders Austegard

Citation: IEAGHG, “CO2 Flow Metering Technologies”, 2025-07, September 2025, doi.org/10.62849/2025-07

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CO2 Flow Metering Technologies

Overview

The main objective of this study is to raise awareness of the relevance, state of the art, challenges and opportunities of flow metering for carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS). Flow metering of CO2 streams will be critical in supporting trade, protecting consumers, ensuring confidence, facilitating taxation, and meeting CO2 reduction goals and treaty obligations. To date, standardized methods for accurately measuring CO₂ — ensuring traceability and accountability—have not yet been developed. This presents challenges for process control, leak detection, and verification of emissions reporting.

Key Findings

  • Flow metering of CO2 allows verification of storage volumes and is critical for developing confidence in trading and ensuring regulatory compliance.
  • The present work encompasses a review of the current development stage of metering technologies (i.e. Coriolis, Differential Pressure, Turbine, and Ultrasonic), and experimental facilities. This work documents how exploiting technologies with high technology readiness level (TRL1) fostered in certain existing applications, e.g. demonstrated at TRL 6-9 in CO2 enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR), or other industries has proven successful at the laboratory scale under various operating scenarios relevant to CCUS.
  • Significant advancements in the chemical characterisation of streams and the development of thermophysical models for CO2 mixtures are also reported. Yet, despite the important advancements, more research is still needed (e.g. ability to handle impurities for which the model was not developed).
  • In this work, alternative pathways are provided to circumvent some of the current challenges (e.g. calibration with proxy fluids or non-flow verification for improving traceability, or virtual flow measurements for subsea applications) and ensure efficient implementations of state-of-the-art technologies.
  • Future work should focus on, e.g.: inter-laboratory comparison campaigns, alternative calibration strategies, establishment of SI-traceable reference materials (i.e. ensuring trace-back to standards or references linked to the International System of Units), data sharing approaches, development of guidelines for CO2 metering, and use of artificial intelligence (AI) to improve flow modelling.
  • Establishing a legal framework and standards for CO2 metering, aligned with technology readiness, will support the development of the CCUS value chain.

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