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ERM - Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage in the clean development mechanism

1 April 2007
Industry Insights
Policy & Regulation

In September 2005 project design documents and methodologies for two carbon dioxide capture and storage projects under the Clean Development Mechanism were submitted for approval. The CDM Executive Board were unable to agree how CCS projects should be handled and sought advice from COP/MOP. This initiated a process of wider consultation. The IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme sounded out its members and interested organisations to determine the level of interest in developing CCS projects under the CDM and found it to be sufficient to warrant organizing a workshop. At this first workshop, held in London in April 2006, the main issues which needed to be addressed when formulating a methodology and preparing a Project Design Document for such projects were discussed in order to determine whether a common approach was possible. Several organizations indicated that they were contemplating the possibility of undertaking CCS projects and that in some cases these might be in countries eligible for hosting CDM projects. Furthermore there was a considerable degree of consensus on how the main issues surrounding monitoring and storage site integrity could be handled.

Technical Report

Environmental Assessment for CO₂ Capture and Storage

1 March 2007
Capture
Storage

This report examines the frameworks for Environmental Impact assessment in use around the world and how adequate they will be for application to CCS projects. It also reviews the gaps in the knowledge which will be required to carry out effective assessments and projects future trends in the scope and application of EIA. Requirements for an internationally applicable framework for CCS projects are outlined.

Technical Report

Role of Risk Assessment in Regulatory Frameworks for CCS

1 February 2007
Policy & Regulation
Storage

One of the key issues that need to be resolved for wide scale implementation of CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) is that of security of storage. To gain general acceptance of the technology it will be necessary to prove that CCS is a safe and environmentally acceptable option. To resolve this issue it is considered that no single activity or action will satisfactorily answer the question alone. However, a number of different activities when taken together should be able to resolve it

Technical Report

Remediation of Seepage from CO₂ Storage Formations

1 January 2007
Storage

The aim of this study was to assess what remediation techniques and approaches are available if seepage of CO₂ is identified from a geological storage formation. The objective of the study was to develop a report that can act as a reference manual for IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEA GHG) members in their discussions with policy makers. The report sets out the remediation plan that can be adopted in the event of any seepage being detected based upon different types of seepage event and their associated remediation methods. This report also estimates the costs of different remediation measures.

Technical Report

Near Zero Emissions Technology for CO₂ Capture from Power Plant

1 October 2006
Capture

The IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme has issued reports assessing the cost of CO₂ capture technologies for power generation using all of the three main types of process, i.e. pre-combustion, post-combustion and oxy-combustion capture. A report has also been issued on the implications if other impurities are co-captured along with the CO₂. In most of the variants of these processes there is an economic or practical limit to the percentage of the CO₂ which can be captured. There has been increasing interest in recent years in the concept of “zero emission power generation” which would in essence be the complete 100% capture of all CO₂ and other emissions of gaseous components, principally the sulphur and nitrogen oxides. A study has thus been proposed, building on the previous work, to explore this concept in more depth. In formulating this study it is considered more appropriate to consider the concept as providing “near zero” emissions to the atmosphere since thermodynamic limitations make complete capture inappropriate for some of the contending processes.

Technical Report

Environmental Impact of Solvent Scrubbing of CO₂

1 October 2006
Capture

Environmental impacts due to the capture of CO₂ at power plants occur directly and indirectly. Direct impacts results from the avoidance of CO₂ emission to air and can also occur due to changed emissions of NO2 and SOx as a consequence of CO₂ capture and the emissions of solvent and its degradation products. Indirectly, an increase of environmental impact is caused by the decreased thermal efficiency, which leads to a higher fuel use, the production and transport of solvents and additives and the disposal of solvent and degradation products. The scope of the present study covers both the direct and indirect environmental impact of CO₂ capture but transport and storage of CO₂ are excluded.

Technical Review

SRCCS Gap analysis

1 October 2006
Industry Insights

The IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEA GHG) was actively involved in the development of the IPCC Special Report on Capture and Storage (SRCCS). Three of its then Programme team were directly involved in 5 out of the 9 chapters. The chapters concerned were: 1 (Introduction), 2 (Sources of CO₂), 3 (Capture), 4 (Transport) and 5 (Geological Storage). In addition, IEA GHG’s technical study reports were drawn upon by many of the chapters as reference material for their chapters, as were the proceedings and peer reviewed journals from the GHGT conference series that IEA GHG organizes. Because of its active involvement in the construction of the report IEA GHG was considered to be well placed to comment on the findings of this report

Technical Report

Reduction of CO₂ emission by means of CO₂ storage in coal seams in the Silesian coal basin of Poland (RECOPOL)

1 September 2006
Storage

The main aim of the project was to demonstrate the feasibility of CO₂ injection in coal under the conditions encountered in Europe , and that storage of CO₂ in this fashion is a safe and viable option for the long term.The RECOPOL project aimed to couple the geological storage of CO₂ with enhanced production of coal bed methane (ECBM). The Silesian Basin area of Poland was chosen as the demonstration site due to the favourable physical properties of the coal seams, and because the site has actively produced coal bed methane (CBM) in the past, providing historical data with which to compare experimental results.

Technical Report

2nd Well Bore Integrity Workshop Princeton, NJ, 28-29 March 2006

1 September 2006
Event Proceedings
Storage

There were a number of reports that indicated that well integrity may be a current issue within the oil and gas industry. A detailed study on production wells in the Gulf of Mexico indicated that up to 60% of wells had casing pressure problems, which could indicate that the integrity of the wells had been compromised. Experience from the Permian basin in the USA indicated that when fields were changed over to CO₂ flood that significant remedial work was needed to pull and re cement wells that had not seen exposure to CO₂. It was considered that many of the problems in both the Gulf of Mexico and the Permian basin resulted from poor well completions at the outset. This may be due to cases where the casings were not cleaned properly prior to CO₂ injection and the presence of residual mud in the wells led to poor seals between the cement and the formation and the cement and the casing liner (steel). Similar issues could arise due to too rapid curing of the cement, or poor cement squeezing. Where poor seals occur ingress of saline water from overlying aquifers can results in chlorine induced corrosion of the steel casing liner. The API has recognised this as a major problem and in response it is developing a new set of standards for well completions. A further set of standards for wells in CO₂ floods us also being developed but this is at an early stage.

Technical Review

Review of the Potential for Large Bio-Energy Plants

1 September 2006
Capture

The aim of this report is to provide a critical review and comparison of the key technical and economic assumptions presented in published papers on bio-energy plants, principally those referenced in the IPCC SRCCS.

Technical Report

International Oxy-Combustion Network for CO₂ Capture: Report on Inaugural Workshop

1 July 2006
Capture
Event Proceedings

The aim of this Network for Oxy-Fuel Combustion is to provide an international forum for organisations with interest in the development of Oxy-Fuel Combustion Technology.Due to the broadness of this topic, it was decided to focus the theme of the first workshop on the “Oxy-Fuel Combustion for Coal Fired Power Plant”. Nevertheless, the future workshop will also attend to the development in Oxy-Fuel Combustion for Gas Fired Power Plants and other novel oxy-combustion processes.

Technical Review

IPCC SRCCS Media Impact

1 July 2006
Industry Insights
Public Perception

To undertake this review of media impact IEA GHG agreed contracts with two specialist organisations. The first of these studies was agreed with the Copernicus Institute, University of Utrecht, the Netherlands and the second with Tyndall Centre, University of Manchester, UK. Two contracts were agreed because of the different approaches used and the different geographical distribution of the media searches proposed. The Copernicus Institute proposed to use a web based search tool to review media articles in the European press, the countries covered included; UK , Netherlands, France, Spain , Italy and Germany. In contrast, the Tyndall Centre study involved a dedicated exercise where an individual would review news articles in the English speaking press alone. This review covered newspaper articles in: UK, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. In each case, articles were scanned for three months before the release of the IPCC SRCCS (released week 39, 26th -30th September 2005) and for three months after. Overall, it was considered that the two studies gave a good global coverage of media response covering most regions of the world that were actively developing CCS projects with the noted exception of Japan.

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