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Mathew Wilkes, Diarmid Roberts, Tim Hutty, Alex Newman, Solomon Brown, Mark Workman
Citation: IEAGHG, “A Technology Level Assessment of Efficiency, Cost, and Scale of Net Zero Aligned Energy Technologies for Electricity or Hydrogen Production & Unpacking Uncertainty in Net Zero Techno-Environ-Economic Assessment”, 2026-11, September, doi.org/10.62849/2026-11
The transition to net zero by mid-century will require a broad spectrum of low-carbon technologies to be deployed across the energy system at an unprecedented scale and pace, while maintaining energy security, system resilience, affordability and reliability. Given the scale of investment involved and the long operational lifetimes of energy infrastructure, robust assessment of technology cost, efficiency, environmental performance, deployment requirements and integration is essential to support informed strategic decision-making.
To address this need, IEAGHG commissioned Foresight Transitions to undertake a two-part analysis of net-zero-aligned electricity- and hydrogen-production configurations scaled to deliver 10 TWh per year of electricity or an energy-equivalent quantity of hydrogen.
Part A compares fossil- and biomass-based configurations with and without carbon capture and storage (CCS), nuclear and hydropower configurations, and variable renewable energy (VRE) configurations coupled with a range of energy storage options. The configurations are assessed using a common functional unit of 1 kWh of energy supplied and aligned techno-economic and life-cycle assessment methods, with a focus on process efficiency, cost, deployment scale and environmental performance.
Part B extends the analysis by examining how variations in technical, economic and geographical assumptions affect the cost and environmental performance of the configurations.
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