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The Process of Developing a CO₂ Test Injection Experience

1 October 2013
Storage

This study does not intend to redo work already carried out, but to produce an over-arching document, which follows the process of setting up a test injection. This document would identify gaps in best practice guides as well as point readers towards available information. The document produced would order the steps and processes that the user would need to go through during the management of the test injection; from scoping of the project (including success criteria), site selection, planning, injection and closure. Many of the steps will happen simultaneously, but an order can still be established along with an expected timeline. This would be broad enough to allow for different permitting and legal processes in different countries as well as different site specific technical issues.

Technical Review

Review of CO₂ storage in low perm strata

1 October 2013
Storage

This review has summarised a detailed assessment of South Africa’s geological storage potential which is the most comprehensive for a country with both conventional and alternative (low permeability) options. The relevance of the experimental Longyearbyen site has been reviewed partly because of its relevance to South Africa. Brief consideration of India and South Korea has also been included because they too face the dilemma of limited, or unproven, alternatives to large scale conventional reservoirs.

Technical Report

Potential Implications on Gas Production from Shales and Coals

1 September 2013
Storage

The main aims of the study are to assess the global potential for geological storage of CO₂ in shale and coal formations and the impact of gas production from shales on CO₂ storage capacity in underlying deep saline aquifers by compromising caprock integrity. The study would comprise a comprehensive literature review to provide guidance on the following issues: Global status of hydrocarbon production from shales and CBM and potential effects on CO₂ storage both in the producing shales/ coals themselves and underlying hydrocarbon reservoirs and/or deep saline formations. The focus should be on gas production, but with reference to oil production from shales; Current status of research into geological storage of CO₂ in shales and coals; Potential nature and rate of trapping processes; mechanisms of storing CO₂. CO₂ injectivity into shales and coals, with reference to fracturing practices employed by industry; Containment issues arising from shale fracturing, both for shales as a storage medium per se, and in terms of caprock integrity for underlying storage units, particularly deep saline aquifers; Methods for assessing storage capacities for CO₂ storage in shales and coals; High level mapping and assessment of theoretical/effective capacities; Potential economic implications of CO₂ storage in shales and coals.

Technical Report

Biomethane with CCS

1 September 2013
Capture

The aim of this study is to provide an understanding and assessment of the global potential - up to 2050 - for BE-CCS technologies producing biomethane. It makes a distinction between: Technical potential (the potential that is technically feasible and not restricted by economical limitations) and the Economic potential (the potential at competitive cost compared to the reference natural gas, including a CO₂ price).

Technical Report

Iron and Steel CCS Study (Techno-Economics Integrated Steel Mill)

1 July 2013
Capture
Costs of CCUS

The primary goal of this project is to establish a methodology to evaluate the cost of steel production when deploying CO₂ capture technology in an integrated steel mill. The objectives of this study were: To specify a “REFERENCE” steel mill typical to Western European configuration; and assess the techno-economic performance of the integrated steel mill without and with CO₂ capture. To evaluate the techno-economic performance, the breakdown of the CO₂ emissions; and estimating the CO₂ avoidance cost of the following cases: o Case 1: An integrated steel mill typical to Western Europe as the base case. o Case 2: Post-Combustion CO₂ capture using conventional MEA at two different levels of CO₂ capture rate (End of Pipe Cases or EOP) o Case 3: An Oxygen Blown Blast Furnace (OBF) with top gas recycle and the use of MDEA/Pz as solvent for CO₂ capture

Technical Review

Mineralisation - Carbonation and Enhanced Weathering

1 July 2013
Storage
Utilisation

This technical review is an update of a 2005 IEAGHG review of mineralisation as means of CO₂ sequestration, which concluded “Significant breakthroughs are needed but obstacles to be overcome are considerable”. This review confirms that view and concludes that recent research initiatives are unlikely to lead to technically and economically viable CO₂ sequestration processes. An insurmountable barrier is the scale of mineral handling that would be required for CO₂ absorption by a mineral at a coal-fired power station. The amount of igneous mineral material to be mined, processed and returned to the ground would involve materials handling at an order of magnitude greater scale than the scale of the coal mining operation that provided the fuel that is burned to produce the CO₂. That would result in significant environmental consequences and life-cycle energy demands

Technical Review

Incorporating Future Improvements in existing PC, Tech. Rev

1 May 2013
Capture

This study intended to focus on the above mentioned process improvements and 2nd and 3rd generation technology evaluation. However, the work by Lucquiaud et al. 2012 focuses only on some of the above mentioned improvements such as improvements in amine based solvent properties like CO₂ absorption enthalpy, solvent heat capacity and CO₂ regeneration temperature by developing an equilibrium based model in gProms software. In this model each solvent property changes were performed independently to the other solvent properties. Table 1, shows the parameters used in the power plant and base case amine based solvent CO₂ post combustion capture plant.

Technical Report

Interaction of CO₂ Storage with Subsurface Resources

1 April 2013
Storage

The objectives of the study were to: 1. Provide a comprehensive literature-based review of sub-surface exploitation activities that may affect storage operations, focussing in regions where large scale CCS development is currently focussed. 2. Provide a qualitative assessment of potential interactions and impacts using case study sedimentary basins. 3. Provide policy makers, regulators and developers with a checklist of potential sub surface resource interactions together with a preliminary explanation of possible impacts and management options 4. Where possible, provide case study examples of resource interaction issues have been successfully managed to enable multiple resource use

Technical Report

Induced Seismicity and its Implications for CO₂ Storage Risk

1 April 2013
Storage

This study would provide a review of the mechanisms that cause induced seismicity and their application to geological storage of CO₂. The study would involve a detailed literature review of recent and ongoing research in this topic and an analysis drawn from the findings. Importantly, the study would focus on induced seismicity that may be caused by CO₂ injection and storage. Owing to the paucity of large scale CO₂ storage projects, it may be necessary to use findings from analogues (for example, steam assisted gravity drainage of heavy oil, cyclic steam stimulation in heavy oil recovery or produced water re-injection (also at hydraulic fracturing conditions) in oil and gas field operations).

Technical Review

Current State of the Art Technology for Iron & Steel Production

1 April 2013
Capture
Industry Insights

This document is drafted by IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme in support of the activities of the EU Zero Emissions Platforms (ZEP) assessment of potential CCS deployment in the energy intensive industries. It aims to provide an overview of the current state of the art in steel production worldwide and present a brief overview of the development of different technology options for CO₂ capture in the steel industry. Steel is the largest globally traded metal. In 2011, around 1.49 billion tonnes of crude steel were produced worldwide; of which ~45% was from China. Other leading steel producing regions or countries include the EU27 (12%), NAFTA1 (8%), CIS2 (8%), Japan (7%), and India (5%). Figure 1 presents the historical data showing the crude steel production worldwide. In the last decade, steel production has achieved an average annual growth rate of around 5-6% [1

Technical Review

Review of Status of Global Non CO₂ GHG Emissions

1 April 2013
Industry Insights

The aim of this study therefore is to update the summary of the work completed by IEAGHG previously (See Section 3). The specific objectives of the study are: To review the current sources of Non-CO2 GHG’s and update their emissions data. To look at the trends in Non-CO2 GHG emissions over the years from our study to present date and assess which mitigation options have been successfully deployed. To attempt to assess why some measures have not been introduced. The study will also aim to look at the organisations active in these areas, such as the Methane to Markets Programme in the USA, a body similar to the CSLF. This would enable us to consider if there are any opportunities for further work by IEAGHG on such topics that could assist deployment or address barriers to deployment. The review would therefore also assist in IEAGHG’s future strategic planning activities.

Technical Report

4th IEAGHG Network Meeting & Technical Workshop on High Temperature Solid Looping Cycles

1 March 2013
Capture
Event Proceedings

The IEAGHG High Temperature Solid Looping Cycles Network emerged from the preceding International Workshop on In-situ CO2 Removal (ISCR) and aims at bringing together researchers and developers of CO2 capture technologies that operate at high temperatures in cylindrical processes using either circulating or fixed beds of solids. Within the last few years drawbacks of the conventional amine-based CO2 capture systems have spurred interest in solid looping processes. Since then the technology has advanced considerably and several pilot plants have been build and brought into operation, e.g the 1.7MW pilot plant at La Pereda in Spain and the 1MW pilot plant at TU Darmstadt in Germany. Progress has been made in particular in carrier/sorbent development as well as in process design and integration. In Calcium Looping, for instance, the use of spent sorbent to produce cement has been demonstrated.

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