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Potential Impacts of Leaks from Onshore CO₂ Storage Projects on Terrestrial Ecosystems

1 July 2007
Storage

The aim of this study was to assess the extent of information currently available on the effects of CO₂ seepage on on-shore ecosystems. The objective of the study was to assess what gaps in knowledge exist and what further research needs to be commissioned to address these gaps. The need for this study was first identified by the International Research Network on Risk Assessment in 2005 (for further information, please see www.co2captureandstorage.info). The study was aimed to complement a broader study that was underway that assessed the current Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment frameworks for use with CCS . One of the gaps identified by this study was the need for further research on the environmental impacts of CO₂ on on-shore environments.

Technical Report

3rd Monitoring Network Meeting Report

1 June 2007
Event Proceedings
Storage

The third meeting of the monitoring and verification network met in Melbourne, Australia over 3 days in October and November 2006. The meeting’s objective was to provide an integrated set of monitoring and verification (M&V) guidelines to encourage further public, regulatory and technical community discussion for wide scale deployment of CCS technology. The objectives were realised by addressing the questions:   <ul> <li>What is the framework of a Monitoring, Evaluation, Reporting and Verification (MERV) protocol for wide scale CCS deployment?</li> <li>How do we provide assurance of storage integrity through well, seal and containment monitoring technology?</li> </ul>   The meeting brought together national and international government regulatory agencies, non-government organisations and Monitoring and Verification (M&V) technical communities in an intensive series of workshops. It was followed by a field visit by train to the site of the CO₂CRC Otway Basin Pilot Project (OBPP) in South West Victoria.

Technical Report

3rd Well Bore Integrity Workshop

1 May 2007
Event Proceedings
Storage

The third meeting specifically aims to demonstrate that research has helped to move the technology towards widespread implementation by identifying and understanding the technical barriers encountered while working to address and neutralise these barriers, and also to provide a platform for dissemination of results, information and observations from field and laboratory experiments / measurements. The meeting will also aim to determine what next steps are needed in order to progress the technology even further, into the arena of large-scale demonstration projects.

Technical Report

Environmental Assessment for CO₂ Capture and Storage

1 March 2007
Capture
Storage

This report examines the frameworks for Environmental Impact assessment in use around the world and how adequate they will be for application to CCS projects. It also reviews the gaps in the knowledge which will be required to carry out effective assessments and projects future trends in the scope and application of EIA. Requirements for an internationally applicable framework for CCS projects are outlined.

Technical Report

Role of Risk Assessment in Regulatory Frameworks for CCS

1 February 2007
Policy & Regulation
Storage

One of the key issues that need to be resolved for wide scale implementation of CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) is that of security of storage. To gain general acceptance of the technology it will be necessary to prove that CCS is a safe and environmentally acceptable option. To resolve this issue it is considered that no single activity or action will satisfactorily answer the question alone. However, a number of different activities when taken together should be able to resolve it

Technical Report

Remediation of Seepage from CO₂ Storage Formations

1 January 2007
Storage

The aim of this study was to assess what remediation techniques and approaches are available if seepage of CO₂ is identified from a geological storage formation. The objective of the study was to develop a report that can act as a reference manual for IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEA GHG) members in their discussions with policy makers. The report sets out the remediation plan that can be adopted in the event of any seepage being detected based upon different types of seepage event and their associated remediation methods. This report also estimates the costs of different remediation measures.

Technical Report

Reduction of CO₂ emission by means of CO₂ storage in coal seams in the Silesian coal basin of Poland (RECOPOL)

1 September 2006
Storage

The main aim of the project was to demonstrate the feasibility of CO₂ injection in coal under the conditions encountered in Europe , and that storage of CO₂ in this fashion is a safe and viable option for the long term.The RECOPOL project aimed to couple the geological storage of CO₂ with enhanced production of coal bed methane (ECBM). The Silesian Basin area of Poland was chosen as the demonstration site due to the favourable physical properties of the coal seams, and because the site has actively produced coal bed methane (CBM) in the past, providing historical data with which to compare experimental results.

Technical Report

2nd Well Bore Integrity Workshop Princeton, NJ, 28-29 March 2006

1 September 2006
Event Proceedings
Storage

There were a number of reports that indicated that well integrity may be a current issue within the oil and gas industry. A detailed study on production wells in the Gulf of Mexico indicated that up to 60% of wells had casing pressure problems, which could indicate that the integrity of the wells had been compromised. Experience from the Permian basin in the USA indicated that when fields were changed over to CO₂ flood that significant remedial work was needed to pull and re cement wells that had not seen exposure to CO₂. It was considered that many of the problems in both the Gulf of Mexico and the Permian basin resulted from poor well completions at the outset. This may be due to cases where the casings were not cleaned properly prior to CO₂ injection and the presence of residual mud in the wells led to poor seals between the cement and the formation and the cement and the casing liner (steel). Similar issues could arise due to too rapid curing of the cement, or poor cement squeezing. Where poor seals occur ingress of saline water from overlying aquifers can results in chlorine induced corrosion of the steel casing liner. The API has recognised this as a major problem and in response it is developing a new set of standards for well completions. A further set of standards for wells in CO₂ floods us also being developed but this is at an early stage.

Technical Report

2nd Meeting of the Monitoring Network

1 June 2006
Event Proceedings
Storage

The 2nd meeting of the monitoring network met in at Rome in September 2005. The meeting had two main aims which were: first to begin to engage regulatory bodies from around the worldwide on their thoughts on monitoring needs and second, to provide an update on monitoring technique development since the last meeting.

Technical Report

Safe Storage of CO₂

1 January 2006
Storage

The aim of this study is to review the regulatory processes and operational practises within the natural gas storage industry and assess their applicability to CO₂ storage. The objective of the study will be to develop a report that can act as a reference manual for IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEA GHG) members in their discussions with policy makers and environmental pressure groups to demonstrate that geological can be a safe and environmentally friendly mitigation option.

Technical Report

Permitting Issues for CO₂ Capture and Geological Storage

1 December 2005
Capture
Storage

The capture and storage of CO₂ in geological formations is a promising technology for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Such projects will involve very large investments in plant, pipelines, wells and reservoir development. As with most large undertakings it will be essential to obtain permits for a whole range of activities which have to be carried out in order to implement such projects. Obtaining permits has been a major constraint on the rapid deployment of many new technologies and can cause considerable delay and effort even when implementing proven systems. To ensure that CO₂ capture and storage can be deployed successfully in the required timescales any issues that may arise during permitting of CO₂ capture and storage projects need to be identified as early as possible and permitting procedures developed and agreed. This study was commissioned to provide an overview of permitting issues in CCS projects and provide some guidance to operators and regulators who are concerned with the technology.

Technical Report

Low greenhouse gas emission transport fuels: the impact of CO₂ capture and storage on selected pathways

1 December 2005
Capture
Storage

In assessing the environmental impact of transport technology options, it is necessary to consider the impact of each of the stages of fuel extraction, refining, distribution and use in the vehicle. This needs to be done in a systematic way for the ‘novel’ systems considered, as well as for reference cases. The approach requires a form of life-cycle analysis which, in the transport, field has come to be known as Well-to-Wheels analysis (WTW). A subset of this analysis covers the production of the fuel up to the point where it is dispensed into the vehicle’s fuel tank – this is known as Well-to-Tank analysis; the second part of the chain is Tank-to-Wheels analysis (WTT and TTW respectively). In the main report the component WTT and TTW data are discussed in depth but in this overview the emphasis is on the overall WTW results.The study is set in the Netherlands; representative of a European location. The vehicle fleet for each type of fuel is assumed to be large enough that economies of scale can be expected in distribution and in vehicle costs. Some consideration is also given to how the results would be affected if set in a North American location.

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