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Pressurisation and Brine Displacement - Issues for Deep Saline Formation CO₂ Storage

1 November 2010
Storage

Worldwide, deep saline formations are expected to store gigatonnes of CO₂ over the coming decades, making a significant contribution to greenhouse gas mitigation. At present, our experience of deep saline formation storage is limited to a small number of demonstration projects that have successfully injected megatonnes of captured CO₂. However, concerns have been raised over pressurization, and related brine displacement within and around deep saline formations, given the anticipated scale of future storage operations. This report aims to address these concerns and their origins in computational and analytical flow models. The report does not address the related impact of brine displacement on shallow potable groundwater, which is the subject of a separate IEAGHG study, to follow in 2011.

Technical Review

Geothermal Energy and CO₂ Storage

1 August 2010
Storage

This report summarises the main issues related to potential conflicts and possible synergies between geothermal activities and CO2 geological storage, for the purpose of finding what further research into this area will be necessary and what further steps could be taken by IEAGHG. The majority of the information in the report is largely based on a conference held by the GFZ in Potsdam on Geothermal Energy and CO2 Storage: Synergy or Competition, which was largely focussed on European issues and did not cover an overall global perspective. There are two principal types of geothermal energy, the traditional hydrothermal, which mines heat using the in-situ geothermal waters and Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), where alternate methods are used to mine the heat. This can involve the fracturing of a low permeability rock to increase fluid flow, as in a Hot Dry Rock System.

Technical Review

6th Meeting of the Wellbore Integrity Network

1 July 2010
Event Proceedings
Storage

This eclectic mix of representation ensured the discussion sessions remained varied, without bias, and included debate reflecting different viewpoints. The future of the network will be determined over the next couple of years, with a proposal to hold a combined Modelling / Wellbore Integrity Meeting in 2011, and the 2nd Joint Network Meeting in 2012. The outcomes of these meetings will help to shape the future development of the IEAGHG networks as a whole. The format of the meeting allowed for 20 minute presentations with 5 minutes for questions. Each of the three meeting sessions was followed by prolonged discussion sessions where ideas and experiences were discussed by the meeting attendees at a greater level of detail. These discussion sessions are the primary focus of this report, and the presentations are available on the network webpage for reference.

Technical Review

Injection Strategies for CO₂ Storage Sites

1 June 2010
Storage

The project has two main deliverables: 1) A comprehensive review of international research and current understanding with respect to the strategies, technologies and economics of CO₂ injection into subsurface formations and 2) spreadsheet applications based on analytical methods and look-up tables for the planning of CO₂ injection schemes. The review part of the report addresses the following main topics: a) injection well hydraulics and numerical modelling of CO₂ injection; b) proposed strategies for storage optimisation and experience from existing injection operations; c) economics and trade-offs of CO₂ injection schemes; and d) injection well design and remediation methods. More specifically, the following are covered: Parameters that affect injectivity and storage capacity were assessed through a critical review of literature and experience from existing storage operations.The consequences of uncertainty in parameter estimation in numerical reservoir simulations of CO₂ injection schemes are discussed, particularly with respect to relative permeability, heterogeneity effects and economic impacts. Injection strategies that are believed to enhance dissolution of CO₂ in formation water (i.e., co-injection of water) or mineral precipitation, thereby increasing storage security were examined. Economics of well design, drilling techniques and stimulation methods were assessed for various storage environments, reservoir quality and transport distances.Selected existing CO₂ storage sites and pilot projects, CO₂-EOR projects and natural gas storage sites were reviewed with respect to well design, injection strategy and associated costs.

Technical Review

5th Meeting of the Risk Assessment Network

1 May 2010
Event Proceedings
Storage

The two day workshop was divided into eight sessions, opening with a welcome session and closing with the Outcomes and Recommendations discussion session. Presentations were held over six sessions, covering key topics: Regulatory Requirements, What can Risk Assessment deliver?, Risk Communication, Update from Real Projects, Induced seismicity/Geomechanics, and Long-term Risk Management; with twenty minute presentations on average and a minimum thirty minute facilitated discussion. All the discussion sessions were met with enthusiastic input from all participants, many of which continued into the coffee and lunch breaks, expressing the great interest in the workshop topics, and the importance of such an open forum for advancing knowledge in this topical field.

Technical Review

6th Meeting of the Monitoring Network

1 May 2010
Event Proceedings
Storage

There are currently several carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) projects around the world with extensive monitoring programs. A review and new results for many of these were presented. As this meeting was held in the USA, a session was given to the work being carried out by the US Regional Partnerships (USRPs). This includes projects at various phases, including several at validation phase, planning phase and ongoing development phase. The latter includes the Cranfield site in Mississippi.

Technical Review

Environmental Evaluation of CCS Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

1 May 2010
Capture
Storage

In the last years several studies have investigated carbon capture and storage (CCS) from a life cycle perspective focussing on the environmental performance. Scope of this study is to compare systematically the different approaches of fifteen studies, to summarise the results, show the site specific differences, address methodological variations and formulate guidelines to assign the various conclusions gathered from the studies.

Technical Review

2nd Meeting of the Geological Storage Modelling Network

1 April 2010
Event Proceedings
Storage

The second meeting of the IEAGHG International Research Network on CO₂ Geological Storage Modelling was hosted by the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, on February 16th and 17th, 2010. The meeting comprised four technical sessions: Modelling Methodology and Recent Advances, Integrated Roles and Objectives of Modelling, Modelling of Real Storage Projects; Case Studies and International Efforts towards Best Practice and Modelling Protocols. The agenda was designed to provide ample time for discussions between participants, with breakout groups in sessions 1 and 2, and plenary discussions following sessions 3 and 4. Discussions following Session 1 focussed on recent advances in modelling. Current theoretical and laboratory scale research has continued to advance our understanding of the processes which will control the behaviour of stored CO₂ in the subsurface and govern potential leakage mechanisms. However, there was a consensus that an increased number of large-scale storage projects are required to provide data with which modelling methods can be calibrated

Technical Review

Corrosion and selection of materials for carbon capture and storage

1 January 2010
Capture
Storage

The IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG) has studied many aspects of Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS). As part of this programme, the current study investigates the potential corrosion risks in the CCS processes and proposes suitable materials of construction to mitigate those risks. The scope of this study covers all aspects of the CCS systems, including the carbon capture plants, transport of CO₂ and injection wells.

Technical Report

CCS Site Selection and Characterisation Criteria

1 December 2009
Capture
Storage

The I EA G reenhouse G as R &D P rogramme ( IEA GHG ) ha s recently co mmissioned the Alberta Research Council in Canada to conduct a review of storage site selection criteria and site ch aracterisation methods in o rder to produce a s ynthesis r eport. Among the va rious elements of the CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) chain, t he stage of storage site selection and characterisation is o f cr itical importance be cause any storage s ite m ust de monstrate that it satisfies three fundamental requirements: 1. capacity to store the intended volume of CO₂ 2. injectivity, to accept/take CO over the lifetime of the operation, 2 3. containment, to en sure t hat C O at the rate that it is supplied from the emitter(s), 2 will n ot m igrate an d/or leak out of t he s torage unit (safety and security of storage). This report reviews the literature on the subject on site selection and characterisation since the publication of the IPCC Special Report on CCS, and provides a synthesis and classification o f criteria.

Technical Report

CO₂ Storage in Depleted Oil Fields

1 December 2009
Storage

The study took as its starting point, IEA GHG Report on PH3/23 undertaken in 2000 as its base line data set. The study was to assess the data within the report and determine whether there was newer data on issues, (e.g. CO2 use/bbl oil produced in EOR floods) that could be used to revise global estimates.

Technical Review

A Review of the International State of the Art in Risk Assessment Guidelines and Proposed Terminology for Use in CO₂ Geological Storage

1 December 2009
Storage

The work carried out included the following key elements: a review of the international terminology and regulations with a focus on public health and engineering systems risk assessment and management; a compilation of generic and specific terminology for risk assessment and management relevant for CO₂ geological storage; a formal report of the methods used, results and conclusions.

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