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Current State of the Art Technology for Iron & Steel Production

1 April 2013
Capture
Industry Insights

This document is drafted by IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme in support of the activities of the EU Zero Emissions Platforms (ZEP) assessment of potential CCS deployment in the energy intensive industries. It aims to provide an overview of the current state of the art in steel production worldwide and present a brief overview of the development of different technology options for CO₂ capture in the steel industry. Steel is the largest globally traded metal. In 2011, around 1.49 billion tonnes of crude steel were produced worldwide; of which ~45% was from China. Other leading steel producing regions or countries include the EU27 (12%), NAFTA1 (8%), CIS2 (8%), Japan (7%), and India (5%). Figure 1 presents the historical data showing the crude steel production worldwide. In the last decade, steel production has achieved an average annual growth rate of around 5-6% [1

Technical Review

Review of Status of Global Non CO₂ GHG Emissions

1 April 2013
Industry Insights

The aim of this study therefore is to update the summary of the work completed by IEAGHG previously (See Section 3). The specific objectives of the study are:   <ul> <li>To review the current sources of Non-CO2 GHG’s and update their emissions data.</li> <li>To look at the trends in Non-CO2 GHG emissions over the years from our study to present date and assess which mitigation options have been successfully deployed.</li> <li>To attempt to assess why some measures have not been introduced.</li> </ul>   The study will also aim to look at the organisations active in these areas, such as the Methane to Markets Programme in the USA, a body similar to the CSLF. This would enable us to consider if there are any opportunities for further work by IEAGHG on such topics that could assist deployment or address barriers to deployment. The review would therefore also assist in IEAGHG’s future strategic planning activities.

Technical Report

4th IEAGHG Network Meeting & Technical Workshop on High Temperature Solid Looping Cycles

1 March 2013
Capture
Event Proceedings

The IEAGHG High Temperature Solid Looping Cycles Network emerged from the preceding International Workshop on In-situ CO2 Removal (ISCR) and aims at bringing together researchers and developers of CO2 capture technologies that operate at high temperatures in cylindrical processes using either circulating or fixed beds of solids. Within the last few years drawbacks of the conventional amine-based CO2 capture systems have spurred interest in solid looping processes. Since then the technology has advanced considerably and several pilot plants have been build and brought into operation, e.g the 1.7MW pilot plant at La Pereda in Spain and the 1MW pilot plant at TU Darmstadt in Germany. Progress has been made in particular in carrier/sorbent development as well as in process design and integration. In Calcium Looping, for instance, the use of spent sorbent to produce cement has been demonstrated.

Technical Report

Key Messages for Communications Needs for Key Stakeholders

1 March 2013
Public Perception

The main deliverables from the study will be a series of Briefing Notes (BNs) covering the key information needs of key stakeholders, and a series of shorter Information Sheets (ISs) which provide a more basic introduction to the same topics. Note: the BN’s are the main deliverable of the study, and the ISs will be finalised and circulated after the technical report has been produced and disseminated. The study will work from, but not exclusively from, IEAGHG’s technical studies and reviews to identify the topics requiring BNs and the final BN’s will be reviewed by members of the Social Research Network, among others, as part of the peer review

Technical Review

Shale Gas Greenhouse Gas Footprint Review

1 March 2013
Storage

This analytical review was originally prepared as a discussion note for the executive committee of the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D programme in response to concern resulting from publication in the USA of an academic paper claiming that methane emissions arising from the production of shale gas could be sufficient to make unconventional natural gas from that source more greenhouse intensive than coal. Such a claim runs counter to the conventional wisdom that converting an application from coal to natural gas invariably results in a reduction in the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission consequences of the application, particularly so for power generation

Technical Review

Toward a Commons Method of Cost Estimation for CO₂ Capture and Storage at Fossil Fuel Power Plants

1 March 2013
Costs of CCUS
Industry Insights

To address the current state of CCS costs, a workshop was convened in March 2011 at which an international group of experts from industrial firms, government agencies, universities, and environmen tal organizations met to share information and perspectives on CCS costs for electric power plants [2]. A major conclusion of that work shop was that there are significant differences and inconsistencies in the way CCS costs are currently calculated and reported by various authors and organizations. As a consequence, there is a significant degree of confusion, misunderstanding, and mis-representation of CCS costs in the information now available publicly. These incon sistencies hamper the ability to correctly and systematically com pare the cost of different carbon capture options. They also distort comparisons between CCS and other greenhouse gas reduction measures—with potential consequences for both technology and policy developments.

Technical Report

Post-Combustion CO₂ Capture Scale-Up Study

1 February 2013
Capture

This study assess the technical challenges associated with full-scale design and operation of conventional post-combustion capture technologies for supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) and natural gas fired combined cycle (NGCC) power plant. In this study technical and operational risks, performance gaps, technical challenges and sensitivity to several process variables are evaluated. Finally, a suggested scale-up strategy was developed with a focus on specific areas for development in future.

Technical Report

Building Knowledge for Environmental Assessment of CO₂ Storage: Controlled Releases of CO₂ and Natural Releases Workshop

1 January 2013
Storage

The main focus of this workshop was on controlled release projects with other sessions on environmental impact assessments and Regulations, monitoring, overburden/ mechanisms of migration from deep to shallow subsurface, leakage scenarios and communication of leakage. The third day of the meeting was spent at Yellowstone National Park, with part of the day observing formations created from natural CO2 seepage.

Technical Report

Summary Report of the 2nd Joint Network Meeting

1 January 2013
Event Proceedings
Storage

The Joint Network Meeting co-ordinates all four of the geological storage networks: Risk Assessment; Monitoring; Modelling; and Wellbore Integrity; and the Environmental Impacts of CO2 Storage Workshop Series. The 2nd IEAGHG Joint Storage Network meeting was held from the 19th to the 21st of June 2012 in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA. It was hosted by Los Alamos National Laboratory and sponsored by Sandia National Laboratories, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Schlumberger Carbon Services. Sixty-eight delegates attended, representing 11 different countries. The aims of the meeting were to:   <ul> <li>Ensure the Networks are working in the most efficient way without duplication or gaps,</li> <li>Identify cross-cutting issues and their consequences; requiring input from more than one network,</li> <li>Set the framework for the future direction of the networks.</li> </ul>

Technical Report

Wellbore Integrity Network Summary Report

1 December 2012
Event Proceedings
Storage

The purpose of this report is to describe the Wellbore Integrity Network, summarise past meetings, outline key findings and identify current state of knowledge

Technical Report

Quantification Techniques for CO₂ Leakage

1 December 2012
Storage

On the whole, the primary focus of CO₂ storage monitoring techniques has been to monitor plume behaviour in storage formations, and to detect leakage to the biosphere. However, for emissions trading under the EU ETS and for national GHG inventory purposes it is necessary to quantify leaked emissions to the atmosphere should leakage occur, and there is a low level of understanding of the capabilities, accuracies and uncertainties of measurement techniques for this application.

Technical Report

Extraction of Formation Water from CO₂ Storage

1 December 2012
Storage

The main aim of the study would be to assess the global potential for extraction of formation waters as part of DSF storage projects. The study would comprise a comprehensive literature review, from published research and industrial analogues (e.g. brine disposal from petroleum and coal bed methane industries) to provide guidance on the following issues: Potential rates of brine extraction required for varying injection rates, across a typical range of DSF storage scenarios; Likely range in chemical composition of extracted brines; Options for disposal of brine, either surface or subsurface, and associated potential environmental impacts; Onshore and offshore considerations, including treatment required for different disposal options. Potential for utilisation of extracted brines, e.g. cooling water for power stations, geothermal energy, and assessment of associated environmental impacts; Potential for surface dissolution of CO₂ in extracted brine and re-injection into storage formations; Regulatory constraints, including for monitoring requirements, potential liability and water quality requirements for different uses. Potential economic implications for CO₂ storage of brine extraction and the various options for disposal/utilisation, to be illustrated by selected case studies.

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