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Discover the latest advances carbon capture and storage research
This technical review is part of the IEAGHG concern on CCS in the industrial sector, where we have covered several industries and technical aspects through our previous reports. We will continue monitoring this sector and the forthcoming developments on CCS systems.
In recent years, IEAGHG has published several studies that address the application of CCS to coal and natural gas-fired power plants. The studies are based on a hypothetical site in the Netherlands. However, while Europe may be one region where large-scale power plants with CCS are built, there is even greater potential for CCS in regions where coal consumption is high and increasing or where emission reduction targets would require CCS to also be considered for gas-fired power stations. While very often, the cost of CO₂ capture is cited as a single value or as a range, the performance and costs of plants with CO₂ capture will be different at different locations – and there is currently a shortage of information calculated on a consistent basis, particularly for emerging economies.The key factors that influence the costs of capture, how these vary regionally and how the costs of capture varies regionally would be of enormous interest. For many, greater granularity in the regional differences in costs would be of value. For countries, such information could help them develop their national and international energy policy to greater effect, particularly where it relates to CCS. Similarly, industry could better identify markets and better target its spend on technology development and deployment. Incomplete information can lead to flawed analysis and result in poorer decision making. Considering these matters, the IEAGHG ExCo felt a study to investigate how the cost of CO₂ capture varied for different locations was warranted. Following a competitive tender, Amec Foster Wheeler (now Wood Group), Milan, were commissioned to undertake the study.
The study was designed to investigate the value of flexible CCS-equipped power plants to the UK’s electricity system. The value used, the System Value (or SV), is a metric that quantifies the benefit, i.e. the reduction in total system cost, of adding a unit of a particular technology to the electricity grid. To operate effectively, an electricity grid must not only have adequate generating capacity to meet demand but also have reliable reserve generation capacity (e.g. as back-up for outages) and sufficient system inertia (for frequency control). While supply-side (e.g. energy storage) or demand-side (e.g. energy efficiency) mechanisms may offer alternatives to grid expansion, adding new capacity remains a central requirement for any grid, e.g. as power plants are retired and/or demand increases. Since not all technologies provide the same services to the grid, the value of adding a unit of a particular technology will be a function, at any given time, not just of the incremental increase in power demand that it may satisfy but also of the characteristics of the technologies already connected.
The purpose of this report is to present a reference document that describes the technical basis and key assumptions to be used in evaluating the performance of the integrated oil refinery without and with CO2 capture. The engineering and design basis, and various assumptions on feedstock, additives, products and by-products, and the specification of the CO2 that are outlined in this report will be used as a reference for developing the refinery configurations to be developed in the study which will be published once the project is completed. Where applicable, information retrieved from IEAGHG document “Criteria for Technical and Economic Assessment of Plants with Low CO2 Emissions” Version C-6, March 2014, are included.
Over the past years a number of demonstration CCS projects have been developed around the world with the aim to provide valuable information, assist in the design of large CO2 capture plants and to advance the understanding of CO2 behaviour in the subsurface. The objectives of the CCS demonstration projects can be summarized as follows: Demonstrating the technical feasibility of a particular technology Gaining operational experience and economic information Gathering data to support the development of large scale projects The purpose of this technical review is to provide an overview of the major on-going Demo CCS projects applied to SMR Hydrogen Plants with a focus on the CO2 capture system. In particular, the technical approach used for the design and execution of the Demo Plants and the relevant peculiarities are outlined.
This study aimed to provide baseline information presenting the performance and costs of incorporating the CO2 capture technologies to a SMR based hydrogen plant operating as merchant plant (as a standalone plant). The basis of the design of the hydrogen production process are presented in the main report. These are briefly described in this overview. The selection of technology options for CO2 capture is based on the available information and performance data that could be provided by equipment manufacturers and suppliers.
The ammonia and methanol industry is an allied industry very related to the production of hydrogen or HyCO gas. Globally, around 60% of the produced hydrogen is consumed by these industries. Outside China, production of these chemicals from natural gas is predominant. In fact, the production of ammonia and methanol is always an important strategy on how natural gas assets are monetised. An important aspects of this study is to demonstrate how an SMR based hydrogen/HyCO production is integrated to an industrial complex. Furthermore, it is essential to understand the different aspects of the production process and how will it be affected when additional CO2 is captured from the SMR’s flue gas. IEAGHG has commissioned this study to evaluate the performance and cost of deploying CO2 capture and storage in mega-plants producing urea and methanol from natural gas as feedstock. The results presented in this study should form the basis of future studies in industrial CCS and CCU.
The aim of this work was to evaluate PSA processes for removal of CO₂ from NG at high pressure. For this, the study performed a techno-economic comparison of a PSA with an amine based solvent process and identified candidate materials for the PSA process.
This study assessed two hypothetical reference mills situated in the west coast of Finland as a basis for evaluation. The pulp mill (Base Case 1A) has an annual production of 800,000 adt of bleached softwood Kraft pulp (BSKP) which is sold as market pulp. The integrated pulp and board mill (Base Case 1B) has an annual production of 400,000 adt of board. This mill also consumes 60,000 adt/y of the softwood Kraft pulp that it produces, thus only 740,000 adt/y of BSKP is sold to the market. This study aims to evaluate the performance and cost of retrofitting post-combustion CO₂ capture technology to the pulp mill and understand its implication on the mill’s operation in terms of fuel balance, utility requirements (i.e. steam and electricity balance) and the mill’s financial performance.
The study focuses on performing an evaluation of process control strategies for normal, flexible and upset operation conditions of CO2 post-combustion capture (PCC) processes based on solvent scrubbing. PCC is currently the leading near-term technology for large-scale deployment of CO2 capture in the power generation sector.
This study has undertaken an initial assessment on the relevance of CCS in terms of the unburnable carbon issues. This consisted of the following tasks: Undertake a comprehensive literature review to identify and assess those studies done to date which are relevant to, include or comment upon the role of CCS in the issues of unburnable carbon. Assess the assumptions, methodologies, any contentious subjects, and understand differences in these studies. Identify and assess sources of information on the global potential for CCS deployment, including storage potential. Potential issues that would contribute to better understanding and assessment of this topic (which are of a technical nature and thus IEAGHG could address), will be identified and recommendations made for further work, including whether any work is necessary relating to global storage capacity and CCS global potential.
Post combustion capture is usually considered to be the leading option for capture of CO₂ at natural gas fired power plants but there is increasing interest in the alternative of oxy-combustion turbines which use recycled CO₂ and/or H2O as the working fluid instead of air. Large component tests have taken place and a 50 MWth demonstration plant is scheduled to be commissioned in 2017. Oxy-combustion turbines can also be combined with solid fuel gasification as an alternative to IGCC with pre-combustion capture. This study provides an independent evaluation of the performance and costs of a range of oxy-combustion turbine cycles, mainly for utility scale power generation. The study was carried out by Amec Foster Wheeler in collaboration with Politecnico di Milano.
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