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Feasibility of Monitoring Tools

1 September 2011
Storage

This report sets out to identify and evaluate appropriate monitoring tools for substances mobilised by the actions/reactions caused by CO2 injection during CCS operations and includes a brief description of the types of physical, chemical and biological parameters that might be affected. Monitoring these is important for verifying predicted migration pathways and characterising changes in the physical and chemical properties of associated sedimentary formations and groundwater. Understanding these processes and mapping their distribution aids in the identification of potential monitoring tools and facilitates an assessment of their utility in a particular monitoring domain. Matching the appropriate monitoring tool with the monitoring environment is therefore critical to designing an effective monitoring and verification program

Technical Review

Geological Storage Of CO₂ In Basalts

1 September 2011
Storage

This technical review has been undertaken with the aim of providing a high level overview of the current status of basalts as an option for geological storage of CO₂

Technical Report

Potential for Biomass and Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage

1 July 2011
Capture

A contract for this study was awarded to Ecofys B. V. of the Netherlands. The aim of the study was to provide a global and regional assessment of potential for BE-CCS, identifying the main potential types of biomass, technologies applicable for energy conversion/process and whether CCS application is possible; considering deployment to target future scenarios; complimenting the IEAGHG study on ‘Techno-economic evaluation of biomass fired or co-fired power plant with post-combustion CO2 capture’. The contractor was asked to assess the net carbon balance for likely biomass CCS technology options, taking into account biomass supply chains and processing; to provide quantitative indications of the emissions performance potential; consider other potential greenhouse gas impacts such as land-use change, identifying any potential negative environmental consequences, such as non-sustainable biomass production; and consider deployment issues, in terms of policy and regulatory barriers and incentives.

Technical Report

Caprock Systems for CO₂ Geological Storage

1 June 2011
Storage

The study involved a detailed literature review of recent and ongoing research in this topic, with engineering judgement drawn from the findings. The study focussed on caprocks in the context of CO₂ storage in deep saline formations, although depleted hydrocarbon fields were also considered, in the context of the associated wide body of available knowledge. Particular issues considered by the study included: Caprock characteristics for site selection purposes; Geomechanical, geochemical and other relevant processes, and their coupling into predictive performance models; Potential leakage pathways and mechanisms, including faults, fractures and by diffusion; Discussion of the time frames and rates of leakage for the various mechanisms and caprock systems; Best practices for caprock assessment including data collection and modelling methodologies.

Technical Report

Effects of Impurities on Geological Storage of CO₂

1 June 2011
Storage

Study on evaluation of the effects of impurities on CO₂ transport, injection and storage, sponsored by the International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEA GHG). The IEA GHG’s objectives of this study are: To provide a review of existing information and published research on the potential impact of CO₂ stream purity on storage reservoir and caprock performance and associated engineering costs; To provide a high level overview of available knowledge. The focus is on storage of impure CO₂ in deep saline formations, since this scenario has the largest theoretical storage capacity and the most significant potential for complex geochemical reactions, although depleted gas fields and CO₂-EOR are also relevant.

Technical Report

IEAGHG Seminar on Control of Nitrosamine Formation in CO₂ Capture Plant: Report on Meeting

1 June 2011
Capture
Event Proceedings

This workshop was held aiming to answer the following questions: What inputs can we expect in terms of NO2 levels and amine quality? How to improve the reliability and plausibility of nitrosamine analysis? What level of accuracy is possible in nitrosamine detection? Which concentration of nitrosamine can be expected until the first reclaimer operation? How can nitrosamine levels be minimized? How likely is the formation of volatile nitrosamine? How can we move forward with providing reliable information to the public?

Technical Report

Retrofitting CO₂ Capture to Existing Power Plants

1 May 2011
Capture

The main purpose of this report is to examine, at a generic level, the scope for cutting CO2 emissions from suitable existing fossil fuel plants by retrofitting CCS to them, as an alternative to replacing them with new build fossil fuel plants with CCS. In this context it should be seen as a discussion of preliminary screening assessment methods to address the general issue of ‘under what conditions might it be worth considering retrofitting CCS to an existing fossil power plant, instead of replacing it by a new plant with CCS’? As a generic study though it cannot address either future costs for construction, fuel etc. or site- and region-specific questions that will govern the feasibility and cost of a specific retrofit project, although it does discuss some of the principles involved and examine sensitivities. Nor does it make comparisons with other options for emission reductions from a particular site, such as fuel switching from coal to gas.

Technical Review

Water Usage and Loss Analysis of Bituminous Coal Fired Power Plants with CO₂ Capture (5 volumes)

1 March 2011
Capture

IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEA GHG) retained Foster Wheeler to investigate and evaluate water usage and loss of power in power plants with CO₂ capture. The work is developed thought the establishment of a rigorous accounting of water usage throughout the power plant in order to establish an acceptable methodology that can be used to compare water usage in power plants with and without CO₂ capture. This can provide a baseline set of cases and water loss data for assessing potential improvements and evaluating R&D programs.The purposes of the study, therefore, include: A review and assessment of the available information of water usage from power plants such as PC, IGCC and NGCC with or without CO₂ capture from various previous studies done for IEA GHG, based on oxyfuel, pre- or post combustion CO₂ capture technologies.A review and assessment of the available technologies that would allow reduction of water usage from power plants; An evaluation and assessment of the applicable technologies for power plants with CO₂ capture in areas where water supplies could be severely limited.

Technical Report

Summary Report of the IEAGHG Workshop - Natural Releases of CO₂: Building Knowledge for CO₂ Storage Environmental Impact Assessments

1 November 2010
Event Proceedings
Storage

The IEAGHG workshop on Natural Releases of CO₂: Building Knowledge for CO₂ Storage Environmental Impact Assessments was held in Maria Laach, Germany, in November 2011 and hosted by CO₂GeoNet and BGR. The workshop was well attended, with forty seven participants from over ten different countries. Sessions included: Setting the Scene; Releases, Magnitudes and Impacts: Marine Environments and Terrestrial Environments; Mobilisation of Brine and Metals; Near Surface vs. Deep Subsurface Mechanisms and, Monitoring Challenges in Light of Natural Systems. Due to considerable interest in the workshop and an overly prescribed agenda, poster sessions were included within coffee and lunch breaks, with eight presented posters during the workshop.

Technical Review

2nd High Temperature Solid Looping network meeting

1 November 2010
Capture
Event Proceedings

The second meeting on the high temperature solid looping network was held at the Netherlands energy research centre at Petten from 15-17th September 2010. Approximately 70 delegates attended the meeting of which about 25% were representing industry. 24 papers were presented and discussed during the event and in addition 7 posters were also on display. ECN is actively engaged in research in this area and delegates were able to see first hand the large pilot plant constructed under the EU framework 6 and CCP 2 CACHET project to demonstrate an integrated sorbent enhanced reforming and water gas shift process using multiple fixed beds. Also included in the site tour were ECN’s fluid bed biomass gasification pilot plants, the latest of which is a large 0.8 MW unit large enough to operate without external heat jacketing to compensate for heat losse

Technical Review

Pressurisation and Brine Displacement - Issues for Deep Saline Formation CO₂ Storage

1 November 2010
Storage

Worldwide, deep saline formations are expected to store gigatonnes of CO₂ over the coming decades, making a significant contribution to greenhouse gas mitigation. At present, our experience of deep saline formation storage is limited to a small number of demonstration projects that have successfully injected megatonnes of captured CO₂. However, concerns have been raised over pressurization, and related brine displacement within and around deep saline formations, given the anticipated scale of future storage operations. This report aims to address these concerns and their origins in computational and analytical flow models. The report does not address the related impact of brine displacement on shallow potable groundwater, which is the subject of a separate IEAGHG study, to follow in 2011.

Technical Review

Development of a Global CO₂ Pipeline Infrastructure

1 August 2010
Transport

Projections of the scale on which CCS needs to be deployed to meet targets for CO₂ emissions reductions indicate that a massive CO₂ pipeline infrastructure will be required. To date CCS systems have tended to be based on dedicated pipelines connecting source to sink although some studies of regional CO₂ pipeline infrastructure requirements have been carried out. The purpose of this study is to examine the wider issues including design, financing, economics and regional differences.

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