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IEAGHG High Temperature Solid Looping Cycles Network – Combined meeting report

16 October 2020
Capture
Event Proceedings

The 6th HTSLCN Meeting took place from 1st to 2nd September 2015 at the Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, in Italy. 72 attendees from 19 countries enjoyed a two-day programme with 45 presentations, site visits to research facilities at Politecnico di Milano and a stunning dinner at Lake Como. Two keynotes covered the progress made in calcium and chemical looping technologies respectively in the last decade. The technical sessions provided the latest advances in calcium and chemical looping pilot plant testing, solid carrier fundamentals, system modelling, process and heat integration, and sorption enhanced reforming technologies. Other topics were utilisation of biomass as a fuel, techno-economics of a large-scale packed bed reactor for chemical looping and the application of calcium looping in cement plants. The meeting formally closed with a discussion forum that summarised the main conclusions from the earlier presentations and the most burning issues for the future. The 7th HTSLCN Meeting will take place from 4th to 5th September 2017 at Swerea MEFOS in Luleå, Sweden.

Technical Report

Beyond LCOE: Value of technologies in different generation and grid scenarios

29 September 2020
Capture
Costs of CCUS

Since its introduction, the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) has become ubiquitous in the evaluation and comparison of power generation technologies. While it is a readily accessible metric, it focuses exclusively on the cost of electricity produced from an asset and neglects to address the provision of ancillary services that are vital for the reliable operation of an electricity grid. This simplification was entirely appropriate for the electricity system of the 20th century, dominated at it was by fossil fuels and nuclear technologies, but it falls well short as a metric to compare technologies in a system to provide net-zero emissions by the mid-21st century. The objective of this study was to evaluate the various concepts that have been proposed as alternatives to LCOE and to explore the potential for a concept that balances completeness and ease of use. As an alternative to LCOE, this study proposes the modified screening curve concept, which shows that, while intermittent renewables have significant value by providing energy/fuel savings, a low-carbon dispatchable technology such as CCUS has critical value by supplying the flexible capacity to deliver security of supply.

Technical Report

Review of Constructability and Operational Challenges faced by CCUS projects

9 September 2020
Industry Insights

IEAGHG has commissioned several technical studies linked to large CCS projects1. Although constructability and operational challenges have been identified in previous IEAGHG reports, some aspects were unique due to the locations where the large CCS projects were implemented. These included the status of the initial facilities and other techno-economic and financial aspects of the specific CCUS projects. IEAGHG identified the need to provide a guide on constructability and operation for new CCS users. The objective of this study is to collect information from CCS projects to support the decisions during the transition from the planning to the execution phase. This study analysed a complete list of large CCUS projects from which relevant experience could be extracted. The projects were divided into three categories: operating projects; under construction or at advanced development; and cancelled projects. Based on the analysed projects, this study has delivered an assessment of potential key areas for success, and a decision tool guide for future projects

Technical Report

Understanding the cost of reducing water usage

1 September 2020
Capture
Costs of CCUS

Previous IEAGHG studies (IEAGHG 2010/05, IEAGHG 2012/12, and IEAGHG 2018/04) have identified key factors that affect the Energy-Water-CCS Nexus: location; the dependency of the costs and water consumption on the cooling system; and the post-combustion CO₂ capture (PCC) system. Additionally, extracting water from a CO₂ storage site can significantly increase the available volumetric space for CO₂ storage which could benefit PCC in the power sector. The conclusions drawn from these studies identified the need to assess the technical and economic impact of water consumption in power plants with and without CO₂ capture systems in different locations. Further investigation also needs to encompass the impact of local regulations, ambient conditions, specific region-based power plants configurations, and water availability. This current study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 developed a hypothetical base case scenario of power plants with and without a PCC system in The Netherlands, assuming both on and offshore storage, and with and without treatment of the water extracted from the storage site for its reuse in the power plant. Phase 2 was based on four hypothetical PCC systems in South Africa, Australia, China and India.

Technical Report

Future role of CCS technologies in the power sector

1 August 2020
Capture

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies are essential for meeting global temperature targets at least cost. They have the ability to decarbonise several sectors, including power. Low-carbon, dispatchable, power generation plants with CCS can operate at baseload and also flexibly. Importantly, their ability to operate flexibly not only allows them to complement output from intermittent renewables but also to facilitate increased capacity of intermittent renewables on the grid. For a number of reasons, however, the commercial deployment of power CCS has been slow and must accelerate if the technology is to achieve its potential and contribute effectively to mitigating climate change. Using Australia, China, the United Kingdom and the United Sates as case studies, this study demonstrates the viability of a set of power CCS technologies to cost-effectively decarbonise baseload, mid-merit and peaking generation in distinct power markets. To realise this potential, however, general, technology-specific and country-specific CCS challenges must be addressed urgently with policy and regulatory actions.

Technical Report

Value of emerging and enabling technologies in reducing costs, risks and timescales for CCS

1 July 2020
Costs of CCUS

This study is a horizon scanning exercise, aiming to understand the relevance of digital and enabling technologies for CCS and to assess the benefits they could offer to the large-scale deployment of CCS. It was contracted with the consultants Element Energy who led the work in conjunction with Imperial College, London. Diverse technologies, platforms and innovations developed outside of the energy sector are now being brought to this sector to reduce costs, risks and timescales for projects and could be applicable to current and future CCS projects as well. The deployment of CCS currently falls short of the projected capacity needed to achieve global emissions reduction targets, despite being a proven technology in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

Technical Report

Update techno-economic benchmarks for fossil fuel-fired power plants with CO₂ capture

1 July 2020
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Costs of CCUS

IEAGHG updates its techno-economic studies periodically to examine the impact of developments and improvements made to core components, of changes made to system design, or when the fiscal environment may have materially altered. In the present case, benchmarks were updated for both coal-fired and natural gas-fired power plants with CCS, primarily to: Investigate the techno-economic impact of markedly increasing the capture rates to achieve near-zero CO₂ emissions; And then, in addition, to: Explore the technological and economic benefits of recent improvements that may have been made to ultra-supercritical pulverised coal (USC PC) and natural-gas combined cycle (NGCC) technologies; and Examine the benefits of flue gas recirculation in the natural gas-fired cases, and the trade-offs between efficiency and flexibility in the coal-fired cases. Benchmarks were updated against a study published in 20181, where prices were based on 3Q2016. The update study used 3Q2018 prices. </li></ul>

Technical Report

The Status and Challenges of CO₂ Shipping Infrastructures

1 July 2020
Transport

Large-scale CO₂ storage will entail substantial transportation of CO₂ from either point-sources or hub collection points to geological formations capable of storing thousands of tonnes of CO₂ in supercritical form. In many parts of the world the most suitable storage options for large-scale capacity will be in offshore formations such as the North Sea. Consequently, it is important to build an understanding of the most suitable techno-economic solutions for the trans-shipment of CO₂ from shore facilities to offshore storage locations. This study has explored a series of options to gain a more detailed comparison of shipping CO₂ either directly by sea tanker to a storage site, or via an intermediate stage, to a shore facility in closer proximity to a storage site prior to transfer via pipeline. These options have also been compared to direct transfer via pipeline.

Technical Report

The Clean Refinery and the Role of Electricity Generation

1 May 2020
Capture

The oil refinery sector faces significant challenges in response to the Paris Agreement’s 2050 projections for carbon emission reductions. Moreover, there is a global trend to process significant amounts of heavy, sour crude to produce high value products, such as ultra-low-sulphur diesel and gasoline, to achieve better refinery margins as well as meeting stringent environmental standards including green-house gas emission reductions. The option of CO₂ emission free electricity generation within refineries can help to meet these goals. The primary aim of this study was to explore the role of the ‘clean refinery’ concept and how it could contribute to the Paris Agreement’s long-term objective to curb peak global greenhouse gas emissions. Various options for refineries are available depending, not only on the complexity and degree of integration, but also on whether a refinery already exists or is still at the planning stage. In addition to these general considerations, the regional location, crude mix and local markets for refined products and electricity all influence the design, complexity and economic viability of ‘clean refineries’. p>

Technical Report

IEAGHG Monitoring & Environmental Research Combined Networks Meeting

1 March 2020
Event Proceedings
Storage

The 13th meeting of IEAGHG’s Monitoring Network was this year combined with the Environmental Research Network, to facilitate wider topic broaching and encourage broader discussions. This combined networks meeting was held from 20th – 22nd August 2019 at the University of Calgary, Canada. The two day meeting was preceded by a field trip to the Containment and Monitoring Institute (CaMI) field research station site visit. It was followed by a one day workshop on faults and their significance for CO? storage (report number 2020-03). The meeting was designed to cover the following themes: developments in sensing ; lessons from managing field projects; uncertainty in quantification; monitoring for EOR compared with deep saline formations; fall-back plans; new case studies with real data; environmental impacts of monitoring and stakeholder engagement; up-well leakage; and monitoring post-injection for closure.

Technical Report

IEAGHG Faults and their Significance for Large-Scale CO₂ Storage Workshop

1 March 2020
Event Proceedings
Storage

The success of CO? Capture and Storage (CCS) technology depends on the safe, secure and long-term storage of CO? at large-scale (mega tonnes per site). Upward migration and leakage of injected CO? along faults is a key risk. The aim of the workshop was to gain a greater understanding on how faults could influence long-term storage of CO?. The workshop built on oil and gas industry experiences, as well as the research community, to gain a clear perspective on fault properties that are important to CO? storage. The 1-day event provided an opportunity to review laboratory experiments, field studies, and modelling results, to gain insights on the importance of faults for CO? storage. Current practices to evaluate fault seal as well as critical technical gaps were discussed. The workshop gave an opportunity to review current research on CO? controlled release experiments and what could be learned from them, plus the contribution from simulations. The 1-day event documented critical issues for CO? storage related to faults, the experience of current experimental work, and identify remaining gaps in knowledge.

Technical Report

Monitoring and Modelling of CO₂ Storage: The Potential for Improving the Cost-Benefit Ratio of Reducing Risk

1 February 2020
Storage

The study was proposed with the intention of developing an understanding of where future research efforts in CO₂ storage technologies should be focused on in the next decade, informing the potential directions for future research in order to fully maximise the potential benefits of storage technologies to commercial-scale CCS projects.

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